10 Facts About Chongqing, China

10 Facts About Chongqing, China Chongqing is one of Chinas four direct-controlled municipalities (the others are Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin). It is the largest of the municipalities by area and it is the only one that is located far away from the coast. Chongqing is located in southwestern China within Sichuan Province and shares borders with Shaanxi, Hunan, and Guizhou provinces. The city is known as being an important economic center along the Yangtze River as well as a historical and cultural center for the country of China. Population: 31,442,300 (2007 estimate)Land area: 31,766 square miles (82,300 sq km)Average elevation: 1,312 feet (400 m)Date of creation: March 14, 1997 10 Must-Know Facts Chongqing has a long history and historical evidence shows that the region was originally a state belonging to the Ba People and that it was established in the 11th century B.C.E. In 316 B.C.E., the area was taken over by the Qin and at that time a city called Jiang was built there and the region the city was in was known as the Chu Prefecture. The area was then renamed two more times in 581 and 1102 C.E.In 1189 C.E. Chongqing got its current name. In 1362 during Chinas Yuan Dynasty, a peasant rebel named Ming Yuzhen formed the Daxia Kingdom in the region. In 1621 Chongqing became the capital of the kingdom of Daliang (during Chinas Ming Dynasty). From 1627 to 1645, much of China was unstable as the Ming Dynasty began to lose its power and during that time, Chongqing and Sichuan Province were taken over by the rebels overthrowing the dynasty. Shortly thereafter the Qing Dynasty took control of China and immigration to the Chongqing area increased.In 1891 Chongqing became an important economic center in China as it became the first inland open to trade from outside China. In 1929 it became a municipality of the Republic of China and during the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937 to 1945, it was attacked heavily by the Japanese Air Force. However much of the city was protected from damage because of its rugged, mountainous terrain. As a result of this natural protection, many of Chinas factories were moved to Chongqing and it quickly grew into an important industrial city. In 1954 the city became a sub-provincial city within Sichuan Province under the Peoples Republic of China. On March 14, 1997, however, the city was merged with the neighboring districts of Fuling, Wanxian, and Qianjiang and it was separated from Sichuan to form Chongqing Municipality, one of Chinas four direct-controlled municipalities.Today Chongqing is one of the most important economic centers in western China. It also has a diversified economy with major industries in processed food, automobile manufacturing, chemicals, textiles, machinery, and electronics. The city is also the largest area for the manufacture of motorcycles in China.As of 2007, Chongqing had a total population of 31,442,300 people. 3.9 million of these people live and work in the urban areas of the city while the majority of the people are farmers working in areas outside the urban core. In addition, there is a large number of people who are registered as residents of Chongqing with Chinas National Bureau of Sta tistics of China, but they have not yet officially moved into the city. Chongqing is located in western China at the end of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. The region of Chongqing also includes several mountain ranges. These are the Daba Mountains in the north, the Wu Mountains in the east, the Wuling Mountains in the southeast and the Dalou Mountains in the south. Because of all of these mountain ranges, Chongqing has a hilly, varied topography and the average elevation of the city is 1,312 feet (400 m).Part of Chongqings early development as an economic center of China is due to its geographic location on large rivers. The city is intersected by the Jialing River as well as the Yangtze River. This location allowed the city to develop into an easily accessible manufacturing and trading center.The municipality of Chongqing is divided into several different subdivisions for local administrations. There are for example 19 districts, 17 counties and four autonomous counties within Chongqing. The total area of the city is 31,766 square miles (82,300 sq km) and m ost of it consists of rural farmland outside of the urban core. The climate of Chongqing is considered humid subtropical and it has four distinct seasons. Summers are very hot and humid while winters are short and mild. The average August high temperature for Chongqing is 92.5ËšF (33.6ËšC) and the average January low temperature is 43ËšF (6ËšC). Most of the citys precipitation falls during the summer and since it is located Sichuan Basin along the Yangtze River cloudy or foggy conditions are not uncommon. The city is nicknamed the Fog Capital of China. Reference Wikipedia.org. (23 May 2011). Chongqing - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.

Free Essays on The Age Of Reform

The Age of Reform It is the historian Richard Hofstadter’s thesis that the leading themes of the Populist movement were: an idea of agrarian dominance, a concept of natural harmonies, the belief in a social class struggle, a fear of conspiracy, and anti-Semitism. The first major theme of the Populists was an idea of a golden age of farming growth. The party supported the Agrarian myth that a state with a healthy economy was dominated by an agricultural income. This archaic point of view caused the Populists to be nostalgic of the early years of the nineteenth century. This ideal made many partisans to believe in an effort to restore the United States to the economy that existed before the Industrial Revolution. The second major topic of the Populist Party was the belief of natural harmonies in the social class. To the Populist mind there wasn’t a conflict between the worker and the farmer. They believed that both groups had a fundamental value in the function of society. The Populists believed that, although there were many classes in American civilization, there were only two important divisions, the oppressed and the oppressors. Moreover, it was accepted that both the factory worker and farmer were the oppressed. The third dominant premise of the Populists was that there was a constant class struggle between the monetarily powered and the workers of America. Many believed that with the death of this â€Å"aristocracy† the problems of both the industrial worker and farmer would end. Since the old parties of the United States were those who put the oppressors in power, the Populists believed that the creation of a new, independent party was the only solution to the growing problem. Another belief of the Populist Party was that a conspiracy against the workers of the nation existed. Although they were not the only individuals who supported this fear, the Populists advocated most heavily the dread that a plot betw... Free Essays on The Age Of Reform Free Essays on The Age Of Reform The Age of Reform It is the historian Richard Hofstadter’s thesis that the leading themes of the Populist movement were: an idea of agrarian dominance, a concept of natural harmonies, the belief in a social class struggle, a fear of conspiracy, and anti-Semitism. The first major theme of the Populists was an idea of a golden age of farming growth. The party supported the Agrarian myth that a state with a healthy economy was dominated by an agricultural income. This archaic point of view caused the Populists to be nostalgic of the early years of the nineteenth century. This ideal made many partisans to believe in an effort to restore the United States to the economy that existed before the Industrial Revolution. The second major topic of the Populist Party was the belief of natural harmonies in the social class. To the Populist mind there wasn’t a conflict between the worker and the farmer. They believed that both groups had a fundamental value in the function of society. The Populists believed that, although there were many classes in American civilization, there were only two important divisions, the oppressed and the oppressors. Moreover, it was accepted that both the factory worker and farmer were the oppressed. The third dominant premise of the Populists was that there was a constant class struggle between the monetarily powered and the workers of America. Many believed that with the death of this â€Å"aristocracy† the problems of both the industrial worker and farmer would end. Since the old parties of the United States were those who put the oppressors in power, the Populists believed that the creation of a new, independent party was the only solution to the growing problem. Another belief of the Populist Party was that a conspiracy against the workers of the nation existed. Although they were not the only individuals who supported this fear, the Populists advocated most heavily the dread that a plot betw...

Childhood friend Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Childhood friend - Essay Example I however develop closer ties with some of my friends, especially if I share in their social issues, and Saad is one of the people with whom I have been very close. We behaved like brothers and that is what some of our peer perceived us to be. Saad’s social condition is what attracted me to his life and made us so close. I do empathize with people and having noted a level of distress in his life drew me close to him until he told me his story, a sad story that induced my unrestricted psychological support to him. I have always loved my parents so much and can imagine what it feels like to lack one or both parents. Realizing that he was an orphan made him so special to me and I purposed to help him feel loved in order to be stable and build on his life. His parents had died when he was three years old and he was living with his uncle. Consequently, we became very close and spent a lot of time together. We shared so much about his life and I would encourage him to work hard and ensure that his children get the parental attention and love that fate had denied him. We lost touch with Saad during my second year in of high school. This occurred because his uncle got a transfer to a different city. He had no other relative to stay with, in the locality, and was therefore forced to move with the uncle. The distance barrier then played a significant role in our separation because we did not have time to meet as often as we used to. Travelling to his city or my city was also a challenge because of involved cost and time and our positions as students. There were other communication means but we did not utilize them to keep in touch. Even though Saad came back after two years, there is a lot of difference between us and the lost touch has persisted. He changed a lot and he is so much into drugs while I am not. I sometimes see him in the streets but the difference between our social lives is a significant barrier to the close relationship that we had. This is

Renaissance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Renaissance - Essay Example Interestingly, it was the journey into their souls, if we may call it, which made them believe and adore the concept of the dignity of man. The dignity of man attained its greatest prominence and was given its characteristic meaning in the Italian Renaissance. Though as an idea it is usually ill defined and tends to express a complex of notions, classical and Christian, which writers of the period desired to assert, this interest into the importance of manhood brought about important paradigmatic shifts in the European society. It is important to realise that this idea of the Renaissance was first coined in 1867 by Jakob Burckhardt in his book, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy. The term has come to dominate our consciousness of what the historical experience of this period was. The Renaissance, as far as this book is concerned, is conceived as a departure from the Middle Ages, a fracture point where European culture suddenly changed into a new and different culture. It was a term that was formulated to stress the uniqueness of modern European culture, as something new on the face of human culture. Interestingly, in formulating a beginning for modern culture, the idea of the Renaissance also created the idea of the "middle ages," a period between the classical period and the Renaissance. Thinking of a period that is perhaps bes... in his Novum Organum, or 'New Instrument', tried to replace the methods put forward in Aristotle's Organon, on the other hand, we find that ideas such as Metacognition began to gain ground. If travellers and discovers like Magellan were finding new lands, there were people like John Milton who were still trying to trace the result of "Man's first Disobedience" so as to chart the Euro-centric God's "justification of the ways of men". If we look back and try to analyse what actually happened during the renaissance, we can perhaps find the reasons why Europe soon began to have colonies and how imperialism became rampant. It is to be kept in mind that where as the Europeans in the fifteenth century, thought they understood the universe pretty well, the discoveries of Columbus and other explorers had left them deeply shocked. Here was a civilisation which was based on the concepts of rationality, goodness, whiteness, and logic who were suddenly confronted by people who were not white, who were "uncivilised" and went about the places doing mysterious deeds and prayed to evil looking gods and goddesses. Put shortly, the New World that they discovered did not fit easily into the European scheme of things. So, what would they do They took it upon themselves to "civilise and educate" these beasts, something which is mocked today in postcolonial studies as the "White Man's Burden". It was this racial sense of the renaissa nce supremacy, added with their vigour for educating the uncivilised which found a race armed with Descartian rationalism to colonise the entire world. If there was anything that made renaissance what it is, it is the idea called Humanism. The attitude of Humanism emphasised the dignity and worth of the individual and held the basic premise of human

Australian Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Australian Business Law - Essay Example Peter has $5,000 in his savings and intends to use this to purchase a state of the art bicycle and textbooks. Peter searches the internet for online bicycle stores as he had heard that you can have a good deal of second hand bicycles online. Peter finds a good selection on tourbikes.com.au (Tour bikes). The bicycle he finds is described as follows. â€Å"This is one of the most sought after bicycles we currently have in stock. It is the same model that was used by Cadel Evans when he won tour de france, a cadel evans â€Å"GF†. This model is in short supply in the second hand market and presents a rare opportunity for purchasers. This bicycle has been completely restored and refurbished. There are new tyres and new chain. The seat is extremely comfortable and comes in a dashing green colour. This bike is joy to ride. $6,000. Payment is due upon delivery† Peter really wants to purchase this bicycle but doesn’t have sufficient amount of money for the same and his t extbooks. Peter wants to know a little more about the bicycle, so he telephones the owner and sole proprietor of tourbikes, sally. Peter asks what it means in the advert that it has been â€Å"restored and refurbished†. Sally responds that: â€Å"That means that we have ensured that the frame of the bicycle is sound and has been repainted. It also includes replacement of gears and replacement of any damaged spokes.† Peter thanks sally and immediately email tour bikes the following information. â€Å"I would like to purchase the Cadell Evans GF that is advertised for sale on your website. I believe that a second hand is only worth $4,000 at best. Please advice if you are willing to sell to me the bicycle for this amount via email by close of business tomorrow. I would also like you to arrange for immediate delivery.† Immediately, Burt a middle aged cycling enthusiast has also seen the bike advertised for sale at tour bikes website. He is a Cadell Evans fan and al so emails tour bikes at the same time that Peter does. â€Å" I want to buy the Cadell Evans GF that has been listed. I will pay you $5,000† Sally reads the emails as soon as they enter the inbox and replies to Burt’s only. â€Å"Thank you for your interest in our product, the Cadell Evans restored bicycle. I cannot sell that amazing bicycle for that little. However, I will accept $5,500† Burt does not respond until 4pm the following day â€Å"Thank you for your response but I don’t think the bike is worth that much. I am no longer interested.† Sally really needs to sell the bike. She has an outstanding account with her creditors and needs to make a payment of $4,000 within the next few days otherwise she runs the risk of the bank foreclosing on her mortgage. Sally checks the time and it is 4:30pm and notes that she still has 30mins before close of business. She emails peter. â€Å"Thank you for your interest in our product. The Cadell Evans resto red bicycle. I will sell the bike to you at $4,000. I have organized immediate delivery. Payment of $4,000 is due upon delivery as specified.† The email enters Peter’s inbox at 4:45pm, (15 minutes to Closure of Business). Meanwhile, Peter is on orientation camp at the University and does not have access to his email for a period of three days. When peter returns home and checks his email, he sees an email from Sally. Peter emails Sally saying that he is sorry and he is no longer interested in buying the bicycle. He no longer wants to buy such a good bicycle for his courier job as he has just heard

Report On Kelkars Report And Committee AOGO

Report On Kelkars Report And Committee AOGO Renowned economist Dr. Vijay Kelkar, whos been the secretary (oil and finance) in the past, has repeated verbatim a privately commissioned report that lobbies for big corporates including Reliance, in his latest report on the hydrocarbon sector called Roadmap for reduction in import dependency in Hydrocarbon sector by 2030. The Kelkar report, submitted to the petroleum ministry in January 2014, has lifted verbatim material from an Association of Oil and Gas Operators (AOGO) report. AOGO represents the group of oil and gas explorers which has interest in the Indian hydrocarbon sector, including private as well as government companies. Among its members is Reliance Industries, which is the operator of the controversial KGD6 basin natural gas block. Dna picked up nine such cut and paste instances in the Kelkar report, some of which are quoted below. The AOGO, in its report, vouched for having Production Sharing Contract (PSC) regime for the Indian oil gas sector. The Kelkar Committee, in its report, espouses the recommendation of AOGO. The most important Para in the report that justifies the PSC regime in the hydrocarbon sector has been picked from the AOGO report. In Chapter 2.3, the Kelkar Committee report begins with a question, Are contractors incentivized to Gold Plate in PSC environment? In the following Para, the report justifies the PSC regime by arguing that no company would like to indulge in gold plating as it was not incentive-compatible as every dollar of unwarranted expenditure would need to be recovered from the project revenues and which would adversely impact contractor returns. This is from the AOGO report. The report goes on to say the Indian PSC regime was transparent and in such a transparent process, any investor who assumes gold plating in his bid would not be able to offer competitive terms and will not ab-initio not win. Hence there is no incentive for a profit maximising firm to gold-plate under a PSC framework. Kelkar, however, justified this. We have acknowledged the associations and stakeholders in our report. AOGO and other corporates who have given their presentations are not terrorists that we cannot take up their views in our report, he said. But Kelkar in his acknowledgement doesnt say that hes quoting verbatim from the AOGO report. Instead, it reads: The Committee thanks AOGO and BCG for sharing with the committee the workings of the detailed Monte Carlo simulation of Indian basins and data related to 1,132 fields respectively. The analysis of the data and the findings are however carried out by the committee itself. Now the question is if Kelkar Committee analysed all data, why did it report verbatim from the AOGO report? The CAG had pulled up the petroleum ministry for offering production sharing contract (PSC) to RIL and losing out revenue as the contract allowed incentive for higher capital expenditure. The CAG report said PSCs between the government and operators were designed to encourage increasing capital expenditure by private contractors, which reduces the governments share. Under the PSC regime, the contractor first recovers his expenditure before sharing profit. This gives an incentive to oil and gas explorers to not control expenditure while developing a block. Most developed nations do not follow the PSC regime and instead choose revenue sharing model. The UPA government is accused of bowing down to RIL pressure and approving a 100% increase in the price of natural gas in the country. The Kelkar Committees report is pitched against another report prepared by a committee, headed by economist and PMs economic advisor C Rangarajan. While Kelkar batted for PSC, Rangarajan proposed a revenue sharing regime with the operator company. BIBLIOGRAPHY   Ã‚   BOOKS => ALLEN, F.H., and SEBA R.D., ECONOMICS OF WORLDWIDE PETROLEUM PRODUCTION, Tulsa, Okla.: Oil and Gas Consultants International (OGCI), Inc. (1993). => BARROWS, G.H., WORLDWIDE CONCESSION CONTRACTS AND PETROLEUM LEGISLATION. Tulsa, Okla.: Penn Well Books, (1993). => BARROWS, G.H. WORLD FISCAL SYSTEM FOR OIL, Calgary, Alberta: Van Meurs Ass. Ltd., Calgary, (1994). => BREALEY, R.A. and S.C. MYERS, PRINCIPLES OF CORPORATE FINANCE, New York: McGraw-Hill. Bunter, M.A.G. (2002). => PERSLEY, THE PROMOTION AND LICENSING OF PETROLEUM PROSPECTIVE ACREAGE, The Haque: Kluiwer Law International (2010). => DAVIS, J.M., OSSOWSKI, R., FEDELINO, FISCAL POLICY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION IN OIL-PRODUCING COUNTRIES, Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund. Deloitte, Oil and Gas Survey, (2005). => EIA HANDBOOK GUIDELINES FOR PROPER APPLICATION OF FOUR COMMONLY USED INVESTMENT CRITERIA., EIA Publications (2010). => EHRHARDT, M.C., THE SEARCH FOR VALUE: MEASURING THE COMPANYS COST OF CAPITAL, Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press, (1994). => GALLUN, R.A., C.J. WRIGHT, L.M. Nichols, and J.W. Stevenson, Fundamentals of Oil Gas Accounting. Tulsa, Okla.: PennWell Books (2001). => KAISHR. M.J., A.G. PULSIPHER. FISCAL SYSTEM ANALYSIS: CONCESSIONARY AND CONTRACTUAL SYSTEMS USED IN OFFSHORE PETROLEUM ARRANGEMENTS, Minerals Management Service, U.S. Department of the Interior (2004). => MACHMUD, T. N.. THE INDONESIAN PRODUCTION SHARING CONTRACT: AN INVESTORS PERSPECTIVE. HAGUE, Netherlands: Kluwer Law International (2010). => MANZANO O., MONALDI F.. THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF OIL CONTRACT RENEGOTIATION IN VENEZUELA, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Cambridge Press (2013). => SUNLEY, T BAUNSGAARD D SlMARD, REVENUE FROM THE OIL AND GAS SECTOR: ISSUES AND COUNTRY EXPERIENCE- FISCAL POLICY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION IN OIL-PRODUCING COUNTRIES (International Monetary Fund Publications, Services) (2003). => W. HOGAN, F. STURZENEGGER, THE NATURAL RESOURCES TRAP: PRIVATE INVESTMENT WITHOUT PUBLIC COMMITMENT, Cambridge. Massachusetts: The MIT Press. (2013). WORKING PAPERS => Baunsgaard T., A premier on Mineral Taxation. IMF working paper, WP/01/139. (2001). => Bensen, Proceedings of the Society of Petroleum Engineers Hydrocarbon Economics and Evaluation Symposium, Dallas, TX. SPE Paper 13770 (2004). => Evans, D.J, Social Discount Rates for the European Union, Working Paper no. 2006-20, Milan: Universita Deglistudi di Milano, (2006). => Gresik. Thomas A,The Taxing Task of Taxing Transnationals, Working Paper 284,(2001). => Kretzschmar, G.L., and P. Moles. The Impact of Tax Shocks and Oil Price Volatility on => Risk: A Study of North Sea Oilfield Projects, W.P. 06.01, University of Edinburgh, (2006) => Seba R.D.. The only investment selection criterion you will ever need. Proceedings of the Society of Petroleum Engineers Hydrocarbon Economics and Evaluation Symposium, Dallas, TX. March 2-3, SPE Paper 16310 (1987). => Smith D., True government take (TGT): A measurement of fiscal terms. Proceedings of the Society of Petroleum Engineers Hydrocarbon Economics and Evaluation Symposium. Dallas, TX. March 2-3. SPE Paper 16308 (2007). JOURNALS PERIODICALS => Anderson. O.L., Royalty valuation: Should royalty obligations be determined intrinsically, theoretically, or realistically?, NAT. RES. L. J., 37:611 (1998). => Boudreaux, D.O., D.R. Ward, P. Boudreaux, and S.P. Ward., An inquiry into the capital budgeting process and analytical procedures utilized by firms in the oil and gas extraction industty. PETROLEUM ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL MGMT. J. 24-34 (2001). => Garnaut, R.. and A. Clunies Ross, Uncertainty, risk aversion and the taxing of natural resource projects, ECO. J. 85(2): 272-87(2005). Johnston, D., Thinking of going international? PETROLEUM ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL MGMT. J. 13(2):84-l03 (1993). Johnston, D., Changing Fiscal Landscape, J. OF WORLD ENERGY L. BUS. 31-53 (2008). Smith, Ernest E. International Petroleum Transaction, 2 Ed. ROCKY MOUNTAIN MINERAL L. FOUNDATION, 448 (2000). Kemp A. Economic considerations in the taxation of petroleum exploitation, 2 Ed., ROCKY MOUNTAIN MINERAL L. FOUNDATION, 223 (2001). Khan, K. Petroleum Resources and Development Economic, Legal and Policy Issues for Developing Countries. C.A.R. (1987). Kumar, R.Taxation for a cyclical industry, Resources Policy No. 2:133^8 (1991). McPherson, CP, and K. Palmer, New Approaches to Profit Sharing in Developing Countries, OIL GAS J., (June 25.1984). N Pongsiri, Partnerships in Oil and Gas Production-Sharing Contracts 17(5), INT. J. PUB. S. MGMT. 431^2 (2004). Rutledge, I., and P. Wright, Profitability and taxation: Analyzing the distribution of rewards between company and country, ENERGY POLICY 26(10):795-812 (2008). Smith, D., Methodologies for comparing fiscal systems. Petroleum Accounting and FINANCIAL MGMT. J. 13(2):76-83 (1993). Ronen Perry, The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and the Limits of Civil Liability, 86 WASH.L. REV. J., 3(2011). => Stevens, P., Resource impact: curse or blessing? A literature survey, The J. of ENERGY LIT. 9(1):3^2(2003). INTERNET SOURCES ONLINE PDFs => REPORT OF THE RANGRAJAN COMMITTEE, THE PSC MECHANISM IN PETROLEUM INDUSTRY, MINISTRY OF PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS, 2012 http://cac.gov.in..-reports, rep psc0201 .pdf last accessed on 4/03/2014. => ALBERTA DEPARTMENT OF SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT. EXPLORATION DIRECTIVE 2006-17 November 1, (2009) http://www.srd.alberta.ca/formsonlineservices/directives/documents/ED2006-l 7-FlowingHolesan- dEncounteringGas-Sep2009.pdf => ALBERTA ENERGY RESOURCES CONSERVATION BOARD (ALBERTA) REPORT 2011-A: UNCONVENTIONAL GAS REGULATORY FRAMEWORK— JURISDICTIONAL REVIEW, (January 28, 2011) )http://www.ercb.ca/docs/documents/reports/r2011 -A.pdf => AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE. WATER MANAGEMENT, (June 2010) http://www. api.org/policy/exploration/hydraulicfracturing/upload/I IF2_el.pdf NEWSPAPER ARTICLES => Aps Review Gas Market Trends, Ecuador Upstream EP Changes, Resource Nationalism Investment Plan. Retrieved April 4, 2014. => Business Monitor International. Shell Gas Contract Objections Point To Troubles For Project Kuwai. 201 I.August 26. Retrieved March 19. 2014, from http://store.businessmonitor.eom/article/510755 => Business News Americas. New contract terms to normalize investment Moodys VP. Retrieved April 4, 2013. => International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook 2010. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris, France (2010). => Kent, S., Iraq Nears Deal on Oil Output Targets. Retrieved March 10. 2014, from Dow Jones Institutional News Through Factiva (2013, December 3). WEB PAGES => Mallesons Stephen Jaques., EPC Contracts-Oil and Gas Sector (2004). Available at www.mallesons.com. => Project Management Institute, Project Management Body of Knowledge Glossary of Terms. Pennsylvania: Project Management Institute Inc. (1987). => Mott Mcdonald. Project Management for Oil and Gas (2008) www.mottmac.com => Loots, P. And Henchie, N., Worlds Apart: EPC and EPCM Contracts: Risk issue and allocation. London: Mayer Brown. (2007) www.mayer- brown.com

Interview with an Elderly Woman Essay -- Interview An Elderly Person

In the early 1940’s Marie was born into a small tight knit family living in a small rural Kentucky town. Marie is now in her seventies and has led a very interesting life traveling the country, raising four children, and shaping her chosen profession. Our interview sessions were conducted over a period of time, as Marie is very active and has little â€Å"free time† to spare. Early Life Her parents meet at a social gathering in town and where married shortly thereafter. Marie’s name was chosen by her grandmother and mother, â€Å"because they loved to read the list was quite long with much debate over each name.† If she was a boy her name would have been Francis, so she is very happy to have born a girl. Marie’s great uncle was a physician and delivered her in the local hospital. Her mother, was a housewife, as was the norm in those days and her father ran his own business. Her mother was very close with her parents, two brothers, and two sisters. When her grandmother was diagnosed with asthma the family had to move. In those days a warm and dry climate was recommended, Arizona was the chosen state. Because her grandma could never quite leave home, KY, the family made many trips between the states. These trips back and forth dominated Marie’s childhood with her uncles and aunts being her childhood playmates. Marie’s grandparent’s had an old farm house, which was one of many homes in which she lived, that she remembers most. The house was huge, she learned to walk, climb stairs, and find hiding places in it. The house had a wide wrap around porch with several wide sets of stairs both in front and in back. She remembers sitting on the steps and playing with one of the cats, with which there was a lot of cats living on the farm... ...anizing the boxes of memorabilia into albums for her children, if time permits. The only thing she’ll commit to is that everyone in her family will have a croquet blanket made by her just for them. When looking back over her life, so far, she says not a bad life. Then again she’s not done yet and hopes to have another good ten years. I leave you with her life’s message. â€Å"Follow your heart. Life is not a straight line there are lots of curves, circles, and detours. Each and every experience will give you something valuable. Keep close to those you love and who love you. Family is so important. Always do your best, be honest with yourself and others, have integrity, be dependable, like who you are, change what you don't like, keep learning, keep trying, you are better than you think.† (Rodrà ­guez) Bibliography Rodrà ­guez, Marie. Personal Interview.

Ife, Efe, and Space Matrix of Coca-Cola Essay

INTRODUCTION Coca-Cola, the product that has given the world its best known taste was born in Atlanta, Georgia on May 8, 1886. Coca-Cola Company is the world’s leading manufacturer, marketer and distributor of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups, used to produce nearly 400 beverage brands. They have a strong management and marketing team, and they produce products that people want and in some cases need. Examples of well-known brands they own include Coke, Sprite, Fanta, Vitamin Water, Minute Maid, Bonaqua and Powerade. Although, even a successful company can come tumbling down, and in order to stay ahead of the competition and to continue revenue growth, we would advise the company to seek out additional business strategies in which will explain in depth in the following sections (our company, 2014). CURRENT MISSION, GOALS AND STRATGIES: Coke’s mission is to, â€Å"refresh the world, inspire moments of optimism and happiness, and to create value and make a difference.† Coca-Cola believe that they main responsibility is providing customers with refreshing beverages including soft drinks, water, energy drinks, juice and tea to fit any occasion in their daily lives. Coca-Cola signature product, Coke, is a favorite around the world and a wide variety of products are sold in over 200 countries. They use the only the most sophisticated equipment to process and make the products to ensure each glass of coke product it as good as always. Besides, employees are fairly compensated and we practice fair trade in all markets we compete. Coca-Cola values their responsibility to all communities to serve and support many educational programs. Furthermore, The Company’s goals include maximizing growth and profitability to increase shareholders’ wealth and to be globally known as a business that conducts business responsibility and ethically and to accelerate sustainable growth to operate in tomorrow’s world. The strategies that The Coca-Cola Company is currently pursuing to achieve these goals include: product innovation; creating well planned packaging and pricing schemes; and increasing operating efficiencies. The Company often reviews and evaluates their business plans and performance to improve their earnings and analyze their  competitive positioning the market. They make decisions in realigning their business models to match the objectives of the Company by using strategies and tactics in the analysis of their performance (our company, 2014). INTERNAL ANALYSIS: (See attached IFEM) The Coca-Cola Company has an IFEM score of 2.82, which is an indication of a strong internal position. It can also be observed that there are much more internal strengths than the weakness which is why also the company has a strong internal position. FINANCE: Coca-Cola has consistent financial operating results and compared to their competition, they are much better financial shape. For the year ending 2013, the company generated a whopping $48 billion in revenue, an increase over the past two years. According to the company’s 2013 Income Statement, net income, operating income, and gross profit resulted in a positive year-over-year percent change. Coca-Cola has a Quick Ratio of 0.92% and a Current Ratio of 1.03%, thus having a low projected risk of delinquency and a low risk of failure. Coca-Cola has the total debt to asset ratio of 41.17 and profit margin of 18.22%. The company meets its goal of maximizing shareholders’ wealth as the company’s stock (KO) price plus reinvested dividends continue to trend upwards. MANAGEMENT: There are a lot to say for a company that is been in business for 127 years and it’s evident that the management structure is strong, the company also has a global employee workforce of 150,900 that contributes to the overall success of the organization. The company strives to make a positive impact in the world and intends for their core values to display not only inward but also outward toward the customer. Some of those core values are: diversity, collaboration, passion, accountability, and integrity. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT: With the proper qualitative research, the company can gauge what type of beverage the consumers want and whether or not their products taste good to the consumer. The company offers over 91 products worldwide, but in order to stay ahead of competition, the development of new products, product packaging, and product diversification is essential. MARKETING: Coca-Cola is a marketing giant, which proves to be an internal strength for the organization. Through effective marketing strategies, 98% of the world’s population recognizes the famous white and red Coca-Cola logo. Over the years, Coca-Cola has had many creative slogans such as â€Å"Open Happiness† and  Ã¢â‚¬Å"It’s the real thing†. Consumers also enjoy the yearly Coca-Cola Super Bowl commercials that often promote happiness with the Clydesdale horses or Polar Bears. In addition, Coca-Cola is taking advantage of social media sites to communicate with their customers. In summary, The Coca-Cola Company yielded a positive internal analysis. The company is in good financial shape and continues to improve and produce positive year-over-year profits. As long as the company can keep its debt under control, they will continue to be in good financial health. The management team and global workforce at Coca-Cola are strong and their core values reflect positively though their commitment to social responsibility. The company should continue to research what type of beverages best suit consumer’s needs in order to stay ahead of the competition. Lastly, the company excels with their marketing campaigns and should continue with aggressive and creative marketing to maintain market share. EXTERNAL ANALYSIS (See attached EFEM) Company Coca-Cola appears to be competing in a hostile environment as indicated by the EFEM score of 2.39. It can be seen in the External Factor Evaluation matrix that the industry is facing more threats than the opportunities and the priority of the threats are also more than the opportunities. This means that the industry is more vulnerable to the effects of threats than opportunities. DEMOGRAPHIC: Coca-Cola is the most well-known product throughout the world. The demographics used to segment those users of Coca-Cola located in the United States are as follows: age, race, income, education, employment, household size, gender and lifestyle. Coca-Cola was originally created as syrup to be sold to soda fountains, where it would be mixed with soda water and served to patrons, typically teenagers and young adults. And just as it was created for the younger generation, that’s where it’s popularity has remained, with the 18-24 year-old age demographic. However, Coca-Cola’s volume potential is highest for 25-34 year-olds. In the adult population, Coca-Cola is most popular among men, and more specifically, single men. However, there is significant volume potential for married persons, and Coca-Cola could therefore prospectively increase their sales volume by marketing more towards married persons ages 25-34. COMPETITION: Existing Rivalry in the soft drinks  industry is between Coca Cola PepsiCo and Dr Pepper Snapple. However, Coca Col a remains to be the market leader and has maintained the leadership through its intensive marketing campaigns, innovation in introducing brands which captures the evolving customer needs and the wider presence of its brands in many countries across the world. This combined by the significant market experience for the many years the business has been in the industry gives the Coca Cola a competitive edge over competitors. New entrant’s new entrants: Coca cola as the leading soft drink sel ler in the industry has a large network which gives it economies of scale and wide presence all over the world. The economies of scale makes Coca Cola’s average cost to be too low for new entrants to be able to enter the market since they cannot afford to produce at such low cost hence the market has low entrant. The cost of entering the soft drinks industry is also high due to the much research needed for the brands development, equipment and expertise involved which also keeps away many potential entrants in the market. This gives Coca Cola a competitive edge against any potential entrants. ECONOMIC: Inflation rate rise which is the general rise of the price level reduces the consumer’s purchasing power reducing demand for the business’s products while its reduction increases purchasing power increasing demand. Next, Emerging markets are increasing business operations in international market l. This can be demonstrated by the significant performance of the company with the earnings before interest in markets outside US representing 80% of the company earnings. Interest r ate determines the cost of borrowing for investors in the market. Thus a rise of the rate increases the cost of investment which reduces competition in the market while a fall of the rate reduces the cost of capital increasing competition in the market. Unemployment rise affects the amount of disposable income available to the consumers with its rise reducing the income hence reducing demand. On the contrary, an increase in employment increases the disposable income increasing demand for goods boosting the business performance. Economic growth rate and performance determines the level of income in the economy which determines the aggregate demand in the market. Thus a positive economic growth increases demand in the market while a negative growth reduces demand. SOCIAL: Lifestyle change in the market changes demand for products, calling for the business to introduce products that meet the new  demand while phasing out the old products with no demand; this has promoted innovation of the company in introducing relevant products like the diet brands and low or Zero calories brands. Aging population and population composition change and diversified products preference in the market as different age groups have different tastes and preferences, with the elderly becoming more concerned with their health hence having their demand change to healthy products reducing demand for some of the businesses products. The consumers health concern and age preferences has resulted to Carbonated drinks being much preferred by and commanding a large youthful market segment who care less about carbon health effect which has been the concern. There has also been a significant growth of healthier soft drinks due to their branding image that they are natural but the carbonated brands consumption among the children and the adults has reduced. STRATEGIC OPTION ANALYSIS: See the I/E, SPACE, TOWS and QSPM I/E MATRIX: The I&E Matrix plot depicts a strategy area of 2.56 which indicates that the company should â€Å"hold and maintain. Suggested strategies for this position on the I&E Matrix are market penetration, market development, and product development. This is not a large problem for the company as they are in a very strong financial position to hold and maintain the current market position. Elimination of the major problems of Coca-Cola in term of production and marketing will strengthen the company internally and facilitate the adoption of a broader range of strategies. Coca-Cola must also consider to creating products for market niches in order to make it less vulnerable to competition (Product Development).One of the threat in the market is customer are changing health-consciousness attitude, the company have to develop products that can satisfy the need of customer and that are perceived as being clearly superior to the competition. SPACE MATRIX: The SPACE matrix shows a borderline plot in the AGGRESSIVE quadrant, which correlates with the result from the IE matrix as well. The plot ensure the company’s strong financial position (FS+5) with a great competitive advantage (CA-1.50). The industry itself is strong (IP+5.2) but the Coca-Cola finds itself in an unfavourable environment (CP-1.80). Due to  these factors, it is best that Coca-Cola be aggressive and cautious at the same time. The plot suggests that Coca-Cola needs to use their internal strengths to develop a market penetration and market development strategies to stay ahead of the competition. Some of the factors that afforded Coca-Cola with a competitive rating are their large percentage of market share, consumer loyalty to the brand, and their high-quality product offerings. TOWS MATRIX: The TOWS Matrix Yielded Ten Strategies. Two of the strategies were functional strategies and the remaining eight were Business/Corporate strategies. These functional strategies deal with the organization structure and sales force of Coca-Cola. Ten distinct B/C strategies were identified to include product development, concentric diversification, market penetration, horizontal integration, management, market development and joint venture. The QSPM and the QSPM score Summary Sheet: The eight distinct B/C strategies were evaluated by the QSPM. The tentative priorities established in the analysis of the BMS matrix were somewhat revised based on QSPM scores. All scores were at least moderate-above 50% of Max Possible Score (MPS) overall. Strategy #2 had a high overall score- 80% with an extremely high external argument score of 79%. It appears that the strategic thrust inferred in the I/E and BMS analyses and their supporting strategies are generally sustained by the QSPM analysis. RECOMMENDED STRATEGIC THRUST AND SUPPORTING STRATEGIES Coca-Cola should adopt a strategic thrust, which is aimed at positioning the company as a company that owns the innovative products. Aside from that, Coca-Cola should become a creative and memorable leader in the food and beverage industry. Coca-Cola should seek to at least maintain, but preferably increase its market share. Major emphasis should be placed on further penetrating foreign markets, with emphases on our marketing which able to tap into the psyche of the public, especially the teenagers (Hoistein, 2014). It should, as soon as possible, enter the teenagers market  by bringing the wonderful products that could catch the teenager’s mind. Coca-Cola must make its products more attractive and tasty to fulfill the customer’s expectation. FUNCTIONAL STRATEGIES The following functional strategies should be carried out in the time frames indicated. F/MG: Create new department to research and develop nutrition products. Product life cycles are shortening because of the people’s preference and trends are changing rapidly. Develop a â€Å"Market need† products for consumers in order to compete with other competitor. For instance, Coca-Cola must develop the right pricing and packaging, with small packs, large packs, or take-home packs (Hoistein, 2011). This need is pressing and paramount. SHORT RANGE, but will be an ongoing need. F/MG: Develop talent human capital in sales team. The organization’s structure must be redesigned to be more responsive to the field and unpredictable nature of the competitive environment. A talented sale leaded is needed to lead their team in order to provide the best in town services for the customers. SHORT-MID-LONG RANGES. B/C (BUSINESS/CORPORATE STRATEGIES) SHORT RANGE-INITIATE IMMEDIATELY AND IN PRIORITY: Strategy #2 and #3 – Research and development to create innovative products that appeal to the health conscious consumers and Capitalize on their strong brand name and expand operations to include food (SO) and (WO): Coca-Cola should employ more creative and innovative worker and gain several new attractions for the products Hire more creative and innovative worker able to generate more new ideas for Coca-Cola and Coca-Cola could increase the level of satisfaction of customers. For instance, Coca-Cola must understand the culture of every country before enter into the international market in order to increase the competitive advantage. For example, Coca-Cola has announced plans to launch a new version of its best-selling soft drink with a third less sugar and a third fewer calories in the market (Smithers, 2014). New green cans and bottle labels will feature alongside its range of drinks from the iconic 330ml red tins with 139 calories to Coke Light and Zero with no calories (Sayid, 2014). It can help Coca-Cola increase the  market share. Both strategies have the highest priority. Strategy #4 – Increase marketing efforts for bottled drinks (WO): Coca-Cola should do research on the bottled drinks. Coca-Cola has to make the bottled drinks that the customer feels attractive and purchase us. According to Fox (2014) Coca-Cola will personalize its bottled drinks with 250 of the nation’s most popular names among teens and millennial. Nowadays, most of the people likes fresh and new the products, which able to grab their attention. This trend had brought an opportunity for Coca-Cola to generate more customers. MID RANGE – BEGIN PLANNING IMMEDIATELY FOR IMPLEMENTATYION IN 2 TO 3 YEARS Strategy #1 – Improve environment awareness with community involvement (SO): To achieve environmental awareness Coca-Cola should organize seminars for the public in order to share the information and knowledge of the company. Aside from that, every bottled drink should print the information about environmental awareness to remind the customer regards the crucial of it. LONG RANGE-BEGIN PLANNING NOW FOR IMPLEMENTATION IN 4 TO 5 YEARS. Strategy #5 Increase advertising to maintain competitive edge (ST): Concentrate on every single advertisement able to maintain a competitive edge. Coca-Cola should target all audiences when advertise for its products. If the advertisement able to grab the attentions of consumer it means the advertisement was a good advertisement. Zmuda (2014) said increase the effectiveness of our marketing investment by transforming our marketing and commercial model to redeploy resources into more consumer facing marketing investments to accelerate growth. It proves that a good marketing will plan a good advertisement and it could maintain the competitive advantage. Strategy #6 – Acquire Golden Enterprises (GLDC) to help diversify the product line (ST): Coca-Cola should diversify its product line for market development and GLDC is required for this strategy. Coca-Cola must do research and development to achieve this goal. NOT RECOMMENDED: Strategy #8 – Advertising on encourages consumers to lead a healthy lifestyle (WT): Coca-Cola should not advertise a healthy lifestyle advertisement, products of Coca-Cola not a drink that can drink for healthy purpose. It  seems to increase the risk of failure if advertise healthy lifestyle advertisement. References (2014), Our Company. Retrieved from http://www.coca-colacompany.com/our-company/ David, F. (2013). Strategic Management A Competitive Advantage Approach. 14th ed Pearson Education, Inc. Fox. (2014). Why you may see your name on a bottle of Coca-Cola. Retrieved from http://www.myfoxorlando.com/story/25742524/why-you-may-see-your-name-on-a-bottle-of-coca-cola Hoistein, W. J. (2011). How Coca-Cola Manages 90 Emerging Markets. Retrieved from http://www.strategy-business.com/article/00093?pg=all Ruddick, G. (2014). Coca-Cola to launch new stevia-flavored drink. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/10890702/Coca-Cola-to-launch-new-stevia-flavoured-drink.html Sayid, R. (2014). Coca-Cola Life to launch in UK as new low calorie alternative to classic brand. Retrieved from http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/coca-cola-life-launch-uk-3672697 Smithers, R. (2014). Coca-Cola Life: Coke with fewer calories and less sugar to tackle obesity. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/jun/11/coca-cola-fewer-calories-less-sugar Zmuda, N. (2014). Coca-Cola Boosts Media Spending as Demand Slows, CEO Muhtar Kent Defends the Importance of Marketing. Retrieved from http://adage.com/article/news/coca-cola-boosts-marketing-spend-demand-slows/291747/

a summary on the danger of depression, the symptoms, why teens get depression, and the treatment for depression.

a summary on the danger of depression, the symptoms, why teens get depression, and the treatment for depression. Teenage depressionAbout 4 out of 100 teenagers get seriously depressed each year. Sure, everybody feels sad or lonely now and then. But if you're sad most of the time, and it's giving you problems with your grades, your relationships with your family and friends, alcohol, drugs, sex, or if it's controlling your behavior in other ways, then the problem may be depression.Clinical Depression is a serious illness that can affect anybody, including teenagers. It can affect your thoughts, feelings, behavior, and health. Depression also increases the risk for suicide or suicide attempts. Most people with depression can be helped with treatment. But, most depressed people don't ask for help they need. And, when depression isn't treated, it can get worse and last longer. This really sucks because you're only a teenager once.First, there are two kinds of depression: The sad kind, called major depression, or dysthymia, and manic-depression or bipolar illness, when feeling down and depressed swi tches with being speeded-up and all hyper.Overview of biological circadian clock in humans. ...If you think you're depressed you should talk to someone. If you are worried about depression in yourself or a friend, you con talk to someone who can help. There are many people who you can talk to like a psychologist, school counselor, parents, a trusted family member, family doctor, or a professional at a mental health center.SYMPTOMSLife seems pointless or like nothing good is ever going to happen again.have a negative attitude a lot of the time, or it seems like you have no feelings.don't feel like doing a lot of the things you used to like like music, sports, being with friends, going out and you want to be left alone most of the time.feel sad or cry a lot and it doesn't go awayIt's hard to...

How to Write a Research Paper on Breast Cancer

How to Write a Research Paper on Breast Cancer It is expected by this time that every college student is conversant with research paper writing. When you were joining college, you possibly shuddered when your colleagues at the higher levels mentioned that they were doing a research paper. Chances are that your perception of research papers was that one had to go the field and perform a survey or experiment. However, when you did your first term paper, you probably laughed upon the discovery that a research paper is just like any other written assignment. Obviously, you have written so many research papers by now that no topic challenges you. Moreover, the Internet today provides handy tips on excellent research paper writing. Correspondingly, you can rely on the Internet to gain access to scholarly journals, textbooks, and newspaper articles. These and other sources contain more than enough of the materials you need to write a distinctive research paper. On top of this, the Internet will assist you to identify various topic subth emes about which you can center your writing. Numerous contentious issues that have led to splits and divergent opinions mar the world today. Many of these touchy issues are explored everyday, as evidenced by the many argumentative essays written daily on abortion, homosexuality, and drug legalization. From what has emerged so far, it appears there will not be a universally acceptable solution to these issues. Consequently, it is better to divert the focus on such subjective matters, and investigate issues that can be remedied. Over the past decades, breast cancer has rapidly grown to be a killer disease among the female fraternity. The bad news is that breast cancer attacks the young and the old, putting our mothers and daughters at stake. The media has injected significant input into the fight against breast cancer. Nonetheless, there is a need to educate more people on the symptoms and treatment of breast cancer. If you attend the annual forums for breast cancer awareness that are organized virtually across all nations, you will be told that an individual ought to self-test regularly. What might not be clear is how to do the test. Hence, a research paper on breast cancer can provide a more detailed clarification. A research paper of this form will be no different from the others in terms of formatting and style. The usual arrangement of introduction, body, and conclusion will apply. The only thing that the writer should observe is to write an exhaustive analysis of self-testing for breast cancer. According to research findings, the normal breast shape will be distorted if there are cancerous cells therein. This might compel the writer to provide graphical illustrations of a normal and cancerous breast. Since people believe that breast cancer is fatal, the writer should desist from concentrating unnecessarily much on the negative aspect. On the contrary, he or she should offer recommendations that are known to prolong life. For instance, incorporate herbal cures that are clinically proven to minimize the pain of breast cancer. You can contact our writing service to order a custom research paper which will be written by academic experts. Why not to try CustomWritings.com!?

The Individual with a Strong Will Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

The Individual with a Strong Will - Essay Example I am an individual with a strong will, and this is depicted through the various challenges I have faced, and the manner in which I was able to overcome these challenges. For instance, in one given time, I was very sick, diagnosed by Pneumonia. The doctors gave me some prescriptions, and initially I was reluctant to take these medicines. This is because of the phobia that I had, in regard to the use of medicine. However, because of my will to get well, I forced myself to take the medications, without guidance from the nurse, or even my parents. This was a great surprise to my parents, who were expecting a fight, when it came to convincing me, to take the medication.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My strong will and exceptional optimism are also seen in my desire to achieve the highest degree in business and become an influential business personality. For example, my passion for business began after studying the successes of Warren Buffet, one of the richest and successful business personalities in the world. I learned that to succeed, an individual has to take some risks in life. Therefore, I saved some money and decided to invest in the stock market. Due to my inexperience, I invested the money in the shares of Noble Energy. Because of my inexperience, I thought that because the company operates in the energy industry, then its shares will be on an increase. However, this was not the case, and this is because of the falling prices of oil (Yetiv, 56). This has made the share price of the company to fall. This is from 50 dollars a share, to approximately 48 dollars per share. However, it should be noted that the share prices of the company used to sell at 70 dollars share, as of the year 2014 (Yetiv, 14). Because I am an optimistic person, and I believe that in the long run, the prices of oil will stabilize, and the share prices of Noble Energy will begin to rise. Therefore, I am still holding on my shares, and I do not have an intention of selling them.

Wicked Problems in Design Thinking Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wicked Problems in Design Thinking - Article Example The target persons for this project are contractors because they are in-charge of construction project on-site. The contractor does not to hire many laborers because inflation and deflation of these model needs just about one person to do it unlike wood formwork construction which needs a large labor force. Moreover, this model is flexible in shape preferences of concrete and the contractor does not have to come with the specific models on-site. The two variables of this model are the construction environment and the technical knowhow to operate then flexible pneumatic formwork. The conditions of every construction site are different. Technical knowledge is therefore required for this variability. In the meantime, the contractor can offer clinics for the operator to understand different site environments. This construction design model is a wicked problem. It has all the element s of indeterminacy1. This is implies that the pneumatic formwork does not have a definite method that can solve design problems on-site according to the prevailing conditions. Every site has specific design formulations to follow and that designers should understand the uniqueness of every construction